Title	Mother
Developer	NintendoApe
Publisher	Nintendo
Director	Shigesato Itoi
Producer	Shigeru Miyamoto
Designer	Shigesato ItoiMiyuki Kure
Composer	Keiichi SuzukiHirokazu Tanaka
Series	''Mother''
Platforms	Family Computer, Game Boy Advance
Released	Family ComputerGame Boy Advance
Genre	Role-playing game
Modes	Single-player
Ratings	}}

is a role-playing video game developed by Nintendo Tokyo Research and Development Products in cooperation with Ape. The game was published for the Family Computer (Famicom) video game console. It was designed and directed by Shigesato Itoi and produced by Shigeru Miyamoto, with music by Keiichi Suzuki and Hirokazu Tanaka. It is the first game in the Mother video game series (otherwise known as the ''EarthBound'' series), and was never released outside of Japan. In 2003, the game was re-released in Japan as a compilation with its sequel ''EarthBound'' as ''Mother 1+2'', containing the changes found in the unreleased english prototype. The game's taglines are "No crying until the ending" and "Guaranteed Masterpiece".

''Mother'' tells the story of a psychic boy from Mother's Day (Podunk in the English Prototype), a fictional town. The boy, whose default name is Ninten, sets out on a journey to discover the cause of the mysterious phenomenon that occurred in his home one day. As the story develops, he meets friends along the way, and they fight their way to the source of all their troubles. At the time, most role-playing games took place in similar overall settings; worlds modeled after the Middle Ages and focusing on swords and magic, with very few exceptions (among them Square's Tom Sawyer). ''Mother'' takes place during a more modern time (1980s) in the United States and has equipment like baseball bats instead of swords and psychic powers (PK/PSI) instead of magic.

''Mother'' was scheduled to be released in North America as ''Earth Bound'' in the fall of 1991, but marketing delayed and eventually removed the game from the release schedule, putting it on indefinite hold. The game was again considered for release in 1994, shortly before the release of its sequel, ''Mother 2: Gyiyg no Gyakushū''. However, it was decided to pass on the release of ''Earth Bound'' and to localize ''Mother 2'' under the title ''EarthBound''. An official localization prototype of this "Earth Bound" made its way to the internet via a fan-translation group, Demiforce. The ROM binary data from the prototype was extracted and circulated under the original title and as "EarthBound Zero" on January 15th, 1998.

Gameplay

''Mother'''s gameplay is divided into two main parts: field maps and the game's battle system. ''Mother'' does not use a small-scale overworld map and instead connects towns, dungeons, and other places together by large outdoor areas. When in towns on the field map, players can talk with other non-playable characters, go to stores to buy equipment or items, rest in hotels, or enter other various buildings. By using any telephone in the game, the protagonist Ninten can talk to his father, who deposits money into Ninten's bank account and offers to record his progress.

When outside of towns on the field map or inside dungeons, the party will be attacked by enemies, at which point the game shifts into battle mode. When in battle, the game switches to a first-person view, only showing the enemies and a menu system used to issue commands. Actions are chosen for each character by the player, and then characters and enemies take turns doing them in an order determined by their speed statistics. Winning battles awards experience points, which characters require to level up. Leveling up increases a character's stats and lets them learn more abilities. If a character loses all of their hit points, they will die and the player must go to a hospital and pay to revive them. If every character dies, no progress is lost, but the party is transported back to the last area they saved at, only Ninten is left alive, and the amount of money they had on hand is halved.

==Plot== ''Mother'' begins by telling the story of a young married couple from rural United States who mysteriously vanished after a dark shadow covered their small country town. Two years later, the husband, George, returned as mysteriously as he vanished, and began a strange study in complete seclusion. His wife, Maria, was never heard from again.

The story then forwards to a year in the 1980's (1988 specifically in the Japanese original), focusing on a 12 year old American boy, referred to as Ninten, whose home is attacked in a paranormal event. His father calls him and explains how Ninten's great-grandfather studied PSI, and asks him to investigate a crisis occurring across the world. After rescuing and befriending a 7 year old girl named Pippi from the local cemetery in his hometown of Mother's Day (Podunk in the English prototype), Ninten discovers the worldwide phenomenon is the work of an invading alien race. Ninten is then warped to the world of Magicant, where the land's ruler, Queen Mary, asks Ninten to find her song, the Eight Melodies, and play them to her. After returning to the real world, Ninten visits an elementary school in Thanksgiving (Merrysville) and meets an 11 year old boy who is constantly teased for being a weakling, referred to as Lloyd (Loid). Ninten befriends Lloyd, and joins Ninten on his adventure to find the Eight Melodies. The two then travel to the town of Snowman to deliver a lost hat to a girl with PSI power, referred to as 12 year old Ana, who tells Ninten she saw him in a dream, and joins the party in hopes of finding her missing mother.

After finding most of the Melodies, the party travels to the city of Valentine (Ellay in the English prototype), and the trio do karaoke at the Live House. Ninten is then harassed by the boss of the local Black Blood (Bla-Bla) Gang, referred to as Teddy, for attacking his gang members, and challenges him to a duel. After realizing Ninten is a formidable opponent, Teddy surrenders and joins Ninten's party in hopes of avenging his parents, who were killed at Holy Loly Mountain. Teddy replaces Lloyd in the party, who rests at the Live House. The party reaches a cottage at the base of Holy Loly Mountain (Mt. Itoi), where Teddy goes to make phone calls. Ana pulls Ninten into another room and asks him to be with her always. The two dance and confess their love to each other. Teddy enters the room, and the party begins to leave, when they're attacked by a powerful robot called R7038 a robot similar of what they encountered before in Advent Desert. The robot knocks out the entire party, but Lloyd arrives with a tank from a man they have met in Advent Desert during their travels and destroys the robot, but accidentally attacks the party as well. Teddy is critically wounded (possibly dead in the original Famicom version), and stays at the cottage to heal, while Lloyd rejoins the party.

The newly reformed trio takes a motor boat out on Holy Loly Lake, where they are pulled into a whirlpool into an underwater laboratory. There, they find a robot named Eve, who tells Ninten that she was built by George, who was taken to the ends of the universe and later returned. He built Eve with the purpose of protecting Ninten. The laboratory becomes flooded and the party is whisked back to the base of Holy Loly Mountain, where, with the aid of Eve, they climb the mountain. As the party approaches the mountain summit, another robot, R7038XX, attacks the party. Eve destroys the robot, but Eve is destroyed in the battle as well. Eve's scrapped remains sing Ninten the seventh of the Eight Melodies. Ninten learns the final melody on the summit of Holy Loly Mountain from a crystal in an XX rock, left by his great-grandfather, George.

With all eight melodies learned, Ninten and the others are warped to Magicant where Ninten sings the Eight Melodies to Queen Mary. Upon hearing the Eight Melodies, Queen Mary remembers the rest of the song. Queen Mary reminisces on how she loved an alien named Gyiyg (Giegue in the unreleased English prototype, and Giygas in ''EarthBound''}}, as if he were her own child. She tells Ninten that he was always wagging his tail, except when she sang lullabies to him. Queen Mary then reveals she is George's wife, Maria, and, with her purpose complete, vanishes to return to George's side. Magicant, being only a mirage created by her conscience, vanishes with her.

The party is warped back to the top of Holy Loly Mountain, where the party discovers a strange grave. George's spirit visits the tomb and tells Ninten that his great-grandmother Maria spread her love in the form of melodies. Large rocks block the entrance to a cave inside Holy Loly Mountain, but Maria's conscious uses the last of her power to clear the entrance. Inside they discover human prisoners sealed within cylindrical tanks. One of the prisoners identifies Ana's hat and informs the party that her mother is among them, but that they must destroy the Mother Ship before attempting to rescue them.On the other side of the cave is where they encounter the Mother Ship and Gyiyg contained within a fluid-filled tank. Gyiyg expresses his gratefulness to Ninten's family, as Ninten's great-grandmother, Maria, raised him, but explained that George stole vital information from his people that could have been used to betray them, then stated that one of George's descendants, Ninten, was interfering with their plans and must be stopped. Gyiyg tells Ninten that he cannot be defeated by Ninten's "meager" powers, but offers to save Ninten alone if he boards the Mother Ship. Ninten declines, so Gyiyg tells Ninten to fall into a long sleep with the rest of the "ugly Earth People". The party begins to sing the Eight Melodies, but Gyiyg attacks the party to quiet them. After several attempts, the party finishes the lullaby, and Gyiyg, calmed by Maria's motherly love, admits defeat, swearing he and Ninten will meet again. The Mother Ship flies off, leaving the heroes behind. In the original Famicom release, the game ended at this uncertain point, but it is extended in the English prototype and ''Mother 1+2'' versions, and instead the party returns to the base of the mountain where the imprisoned humans are all revealed to have been freed. In the process, Ana is finally reunited with her mother. The heroes all return home where Lloyd is named a hero by his peers, Teddy recovers and is now singing at the Live House, Ana daydreaming about Ninten and Ninten going to sleep after the Earth's crisis is over. The game ends with a cast roll of all the major and minor characters that appeared in the game. In addition, a post-credits scene is added in which Ninten's father is seen trying to reach his son on a telephone, apparently with some urgent news.

Note that the game is mostly nonlinear and the final party does not have to consist of Ninten, Ana and Lloyd.

Development

''Mother'' was designed and directed by Japanese copywriter and television personality Shigesato Itoi. One of the inspirations for the name was John Lennon's song "Mother." He also wanted the name to be something that was not game-like.

Shigesato Itoi, the game's designer, said that the last parts of ''Mother'' were not tested for bugs and balance issues. When talking about this at a ''Mother 1 + 2'' promotional event, Itoi humorously stated, "When we got to fine-tuning the difficulty there, I was like, 'Whatever!'".

Planned North American release

Nintendo of America had translated and originally planned to release ''Mother'' in North America, under the title ''Earth Bound''. The localization was completed in 1990, but marketing pushed the release into Fall of 1991, and it was eventually put on indefinite hold. The localization producer and English script writer for ''Earth Bound'', Phil Sandhop, explained, "Once the Super NES squatted in the pipeline and shoved the game aside from its appointed time, I believe that the marketing execs just decided that the game would be too expensive to produce and unsuccessful without marketing, and that's why it fell into oblivion." During localization some changes were made to the game, such as removing blood from enemy sprites (in accordance to Nintendo of America's censorship guidelines of the time) or changing town names. One of the bigger changes was greatly extending the game's ending.

On January 15, 1998, the fan translation group Demiforce found a prototype cartridge of the game on the Internet, and organized an effort to collect enough money to buy the game. The project was a success, and soon after, the game was dumped into a ROM and circulated around the Internet. As the unmodified game did not work properly on emulators at that time, Demiforce released modified versions of ''Earth Bound'' with the copy protection disabled, and appended "Zero" onto the title to retroactively discern it from its sequel, ''EarthBound''. Since Demiforce had built its reputation on releasing its English translations out of the blue, some fans debated whether the cartridge had been translated by Nintendo or by Demiforce itself. However the release was confirmed as legitimate by Phil Sandhop, producer of the canceled English localization, as well as the compilation release ''Mother 1 + 2'' which contains all of the changes found in the prototype cartridge.

Music

''Mother''s soundtrack was composed by Keiichi Suzuki and Hirokazu Tanaka. The music was released on compact disc and cassette tape by Sony Records on August 21, 1989. It consists of eleven tracks, seven of which are vocal remakes. Some of the game's notable pieces include "Eight Melodies", which plays a heavy role in the story, and "Pollyanna", which has gone on to represent not only this game, but the entire Mother video game series. On February 18, 2004 the soundtrack was re-released with digitally remastered tracks. Songs from ''Mother'' appear in ''EarthBound'', ''Mother 3'', ''Super Smash Bros. Melee'' and ''Super Smash Bros. Brawl''.

The soundtrack features vocal performances from Catherine Warwick, Jeremy Holland-Smith, Jeb Million, Louis Philippe, Jeremy Budd, and the St. Paul's Cathedral Choir. Both Budd and the Choir's names are misspelled on the soundtracks.

Reception

''Mother'' was successful in Japan, selling approximately 400,000 copies. In two polls conducted by ''Famitsu'', it was rated as the 9th best game on the Famicom and the 38th best game of all time. The game was listed as the fourth most-wanted Virtual Console release in a poll in the June 2008 issue of Nintendo Power, and in the following issue it moved up to second most-wanted. In a ''Mother 1 + 2'' review, Netjak praised ''Mother'''s modern setting and broad themes, calling the game, "quite dark and mature." However, the game did get its fair share of criticism. Jeremy Parish from 1UP.com states, "the game balance is completely ridiculous, relying far too heavily on picking up better weapons and grinding for far too long."

See also

References

External links

''Mother'' at WikiBound

''Mother'' at NinDB

''Mother series'' at starmen.net

Category:Cancelled Nintendo Entertainment System games Category:EarthBound Category:Nintendo games Category:Nintendo Entertainment System games Category:1989 video games Category:Japan-exclusive video games Category:Pax Softnica games Category:Role-playing video games

es:Mother (videojuego) fr:Mother (jeu vidéo) ko:MOTHER (게임) it:Mother (videogioco) ja:MOTHER (ゲーム) no:Mother (videospill) simple:Mother (video game) sv:Mother zh:地球大冒險

Name	Asia Online Pte Ltd
Logo
Founder	Gregory Binger, Dion Wiggins, Bob Hayward, Philipp Koehn
Location	Singapore
Locations	Singapore, Thailand, Los Angeles, Indonesia
Key people	Gregory Binger, Dion Wiggins, Bob Hayward, Philipp Koehn, Tim Cox, Kirti Vashee.
Industry	Translation / Portals
Products	Language Studio Automated Translation Suite
Services	Automated translation
Homepage	http://www.asiaonline.com, http://www.asiaonline.net, http://www.languagestudio.com
Intl	}}

Asia Online is a privately owned company backed by individual investors and institutional venture capital. Its corporate headquarters are in Singapore, and it has significant operations in Bangkok, Thailand, with R&D activities throughout Asia and expanding sales operations in Europe and North America.

Asia Online is undertaking what it calls the world's largest literacy project by translating vast quantities of the worlds English language knowledge into Asian languages. This is achieved using statistical machine translation (SMT) technologies developed and enhanced in Thailand with a specific focus on Asian languages. Despite the name, Asia Online is not limited to just Asian languages and also supports all 23 official EU languages across each other..

It was founded in 2007 by the University of Edinburgh's Philipp Koehn, Gregory Binger a leading technologist and IT/IP lawyer, and former Gartner senior analysts Bob Hayward and Dion Wiggins..

Asia Online’s statistically-based translation software is an instance of recent advances in automated translation. Until the early 1990s, almost all production-level machine translation technology relied on collections of linguistic rules to analyze the source sentence, and then map the syntactic and semantic structure into the target language. Asia Online uses statistical techniques from cryptography, applying machine learning algorithms that automatically acquire statistical models from existing parallel collections of human translations, in the same way as Google Translate and the systems made using Koehn's own open source Moses tool for SMT.

Portal Initiatives

On January 7, 2011, Asia Online launched it’s Thai language consumer portal. The launch was funded in part by CAT Telecom and the Thai Ministry of ICT. All 3.6 million English language Wikipedia articles were translated from English into Thai. Then Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva and Minister of ICT Chuti Krairiksh launched the site as part of Thailand’s Children’s Day celebrations. A crowd sourcing approach is being taken to proof read the articles after they have been machine translated.

Differences from other approaches

Google, Microsoft and SDL Language Weaver have also created SMT systems, some publicly accessible. Asia Online claims there are flaws in the existing processes and techniques of SMT and worked to resolve these issues. It claims three key differences from traditional SMT approaches:

Clean data – The traditional approach leveraged content found on the web in corporate sites, news articles and other similar sources where the same content was available in multiple languages. The quality of the data was very low. Asia Online has focused machine and human resources in this area to ensure that the data is as clean and as accurate as possible. Data is sourced from high-quality translations provided by book publishers and translation companies and is aligned at the segment level (usually sentences) and converted into a consistent format in order to be processed by the learning software. This step includes:

*Extracting segments from files and documents if they are not in a TMX format.

*Aligning segments (if necessary) once they have been extracted. While this is automated by machines, humans are also used to validate the accuracy.

*Converting data to a base UTF-8 encoding for training the SMT system.

*Extracting small subsets from the data to guide training.

*Reviewing, cleaning and analyzing the data to ensure optimal training impact.

Multiple domains - Extensive efforts have been put into a system that allows for training in many domains. This is done by extending a base set of information with multiple additional learning sources.

Real-time corrections

Languages available – Asia Online currently has more than 520 language pairs available in a baseline form and is progressively deploying 15 domains across each language pair. Another 200+ language pairs are under development. These systems are currently used to build customized translation systems for corporate and language service provider (LSP) customers who add their bilingual parallel corpus to the existing data to create higher quality translation systems.

The company characterizes its products as a "platform". By this they mean that there is a suite of independent tools and products that can work independently and together. Some are locally installed and some are only available in their SaaS. This is described in the CSA blog entry.

The Language Studio product suite was reviewed by Common Sense Advisory, a translation industry market research firm, in their Global Watchtower blog shown in the link below.

Supported Languages

Supported languages are being added to on a regular basis. Asian Languages Available Now: Arabic (AR), Chinese (ZH), Japanese (JA), Bahasa Indonesia (ID), Korean (KO) and Thai (TH). Under Development: Bahasa Malay (MS), Bengali (BN), Gujarati (GU), Hindi (HI), Punjabi (PA), Tagalog (TL), Tamil (TM), Vietnamese (VI).

European Languages Available Now: Bulgarian (BG), Czech (CS), Danish (DA), Dutch (NL), English (EN), Estonian (ET), Finnish (FI), French (FR), German (DE), Greek (EL), Hungarian (HU), Irish (GA), Italian (IT), Latvian (LV), Lithuanian (LT), Maltese (MT), Norwegian (NO), Polish (PL), Portuguese (PT), Romanian (RO), Slovak (SK), Slovene (SL), Spanish (ES), Swedish (SV) and Russian (RU).

References

See also

Comparison of machine translation applications

Google Translate

Eurotra

External links

Asia Online Portal Homepage

Asia Online Company Homepage

Language Studio Platform Overview

Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva and ICT Minister Chuti Krairoek launch the Thai language Asia Online portal in front of the Thai media as a gift to the children from the government on Children’s Day.

CSA Global Watchtower Blog entry on Language Studio Platform

CSA Global Watchtower Blog entry - The Largest Translation Project…So Far

TAUS Technology Review of Language Studio

dotSUB: CEO Dion Wiggins on Asia Online Vision from Bangkok Localization & Translation Conference, December 2009

dotSUB: Renato Beninatto, CEO, Milengo and former industry analyst looks at the ongoing evolution of the localization business and compares Google translate with Asia Online.

GizMag Article on Asia Online

Category:Translation companies

th:เอเชียออนไลน์ wuu:Asia Online

The following is a list of significant men and women known for being the father, mother, or considered the founders mostly in Western socities in a field, listed by category. In most non-science fields, the title of being the "father" is debatable.

Church

Games

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Miniature wargaming	H.G. Wells
	Nolan Bushnell	Creator of ''Pong'' and founder of Atari and Chuck E. Cheese's
	Shigeru Miyamoto	Creator of many successful Nintendo franchises
Role-playing game	Gary Gygax	Creator of ''Dungeons & Dragons''
Stealth game	Hideo Kojima
Video game	Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr.	Inventor of the First video game
Wargaming	Charles S. Roberts

Humanities

Military

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Aerial warfare	Oswald Boelcke	The first to formalize rules of air fighting, which he presented as the Dicta Boelcke, also credited as being the first pilot to shoot down an aircraft.
Atomic bomb	Robert OppenheimerLeó SzilárdEnrico Fermi
Blitzkrieg	Heinz Guderian
	Edward Teller
Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy"	Hyman G. Rickover
Fourth Generation Warfare	William S. Lind
	Jean-Baptiste Colbert	Built on the fleet of France inherited from Cardinal Richelieu.
Naval Special Warfare	Phil H. Bucklew	US Naval Officer and First Commanding Officer of Navy SEAL Team One
Naval tactical studies	Paul Hoste	Jesuit Professor of Mathematics at the Royal College of the Marine in Toulon; wrote ''L'Art des Armées Navales'' (1697)
Luftwaffe and Luftstreitkräfte	Oswald Boelcke
The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb	Andrei Sakharov
	William C. Lee	First commander of the parachute school at Fort Benning, Georgia.
	Kazimierz Pułaski	Brigadier-general and commander of the cavalry of the Continental Army (1770s).
United States Navy
Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
[[American football">John Barry (naval officer)

Nations

Natural and social sciences

Sports

Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
[[American football	Walter Camp
American motocross	Edison Dye	Introduced motorcross to American riders.
American road racing	Cameron Argetsinger
		Godfather, created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US.
Angling	Izaak Walton	Author of ''The Compleat Angler''.
	Alexander Watson Hutton
Argentine professional golf	José Jurado
Argentine winter sports	Otto Meiling
Association football	Ebenezer Cobb Morley
Baseball
Basketball	James Naismith
	Scot Breithaupt
	Charles William Miller
	Jim Downing	Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in .
		Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902.
	Wally Parks
Don Garlits	Considered to be one of the innovators of drag racing safety.
Eddie Hill	Regarded as the forefather of drag racing.
	Kunimitsu Takahashi
East Coast skateboarding	Vinny Raffa (godfather)
Florida skateboarding	Bruce Walker (godfather)
	Ebenezer Cobb Morley
Freestyle BMX	Bob Haro
Freestyle Motocross	Mike Metzger	Godfather.
Funny Car	Dick Landy
Ice Hockey	James Creighton (ice hockey)	Captained of one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on March 3, 1875 in Montreal.
	Frank Choi	Hosted one of the first events specifially for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category.
rowspan="2"	James Richardson Spensley
William Garbutt	Laying the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football.
rowspan="2"		Credited for introducing baseball in Japan.
Hiroshi Hiraoka	Credited for establishing the first baseball team.
Jogging	Jim Fixx	Founding father.
Kart racing	Art Ingels	Developed the world's first kart (1956).
Lacrosse	William George Beers	Codified the sport.
Mixed martial arts	Bruce Lee	Called so by Dana White, president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. For his experimentation into other styles and invention of Jeet Kune Do.
	Eugen Sandow
	Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004. Inventor of the modern exercise machines.
	James Figg
James J. Corbett
Modern figure skating	Jackson Haines	"Jackson Haines - The Father of Figure Skating," according to Roy Blakey
	Dettmar Cramer
	Earl W. Bascom	Bascom's many equipment innovations pioneered the sport starting in 1916.
	Italo Santelli
Modern surfing	Duke Kahanamoku
	Earl W. Bascom	Bascom designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924.
	A. G. Guillemard
William Webb Ellis	"Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game".
Scuba diving	Jacques Cousteau	Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality.
	Skip Engblom (godfather)
Tony Hawk (godfather)
Snowboarding	Jake Burton Carpenter
Stock car racing	Bill France, Sr.	Foundation of the sanctioning body for stock car racing
	Mike Goodwin	Organized the first supercross race.
	Frank Chirkinian	Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting.

Technology

Fields

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Aerodynamics (modern)	Sir George Cayley	Founding father of modern Aerodynamics. The first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, Lift (force)
[[Architecture	Imhotep	Built the first pyramid
Astronautics	Konstantin Tsiolkovsky	Robert H. GoddardHermann Oberth
Aviation		Book: ''Prodromo alla Arte Maestra'' (1670). First to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel.
	Thomas Tompion
Clinical trials	James Lind	Conducted the first Scientific control
[[Computing	Charles Babbage	Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime.
Cybernetics	Norbert Wiener
Genetics	Gregor Mendel	Founder of the Genetics
	William F. Moran	Founder of the American Bladesmith Society
	Ferdinand Freudenstein	Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms.
	Bob Loveless	Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild
Photography

Inventions

Subject	Father/Mother	Reason
Air conditioning	Willis Carrier
	Dennis Ritchie
Chronograph
Compact Disc
Compiler	Grace Hopper
	Konrad Zuse	Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer.
Alan Turing	Was a secret code breaker during WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936).
John von Neumann	Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running.
	Invented the digital computer in the 1930s
	Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
Computer Program	Ada Lovelace	Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime.
Ekranoplan	Rostislav Alexeev
Helicopter	Igor Sikorsky	Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based.
Internet	Vint CerfBob Kahn
Instant noodle	Momofuku Ando	Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them.
Japanese television	Kenjiro Takayanagi
Jet engine	Frank Whittle
Karaoke	Daisuke Inoue	Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up.
Laser	Charles Hard Townes
Lightning prediction system	Alexander Stepanovich Popov	The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
Marine chronometer	John Harrison
Microprocessor	Marcian Hoff Masatoshi Shima
Mobile phone		He is the main brainchild of hand-held phone and with the help of Motorola team he developed the first handset in 1973 weighing in at two kilos.
	Vinod Dham	The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386, and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU. Dham was general manager of the P5 group. Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium".
	Chuck Peddle	Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET
Programmable logic controller	Dick Morley
Radio	Alexander Stepanovich Popov Lee De Forest Guglielmo Marconi Jagdish Chandra Bose Nikola Tesla
Radio (Radio broadcasting)	Reginald Fessenden David Sarnoff	Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915.
Radio (FM radio)	Edwin H. Armstrong	Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)
Radiotelephony	Reginald Fessenden
Search Engine	Alan Emtage	Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines
SGML	Charles Goldfarb
Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell	See Invention of the telephone
Television	Philo T. Farnsworth			Vladimir Zworykin			John Logie Baird	Co-Inventors of the Electronic Television. Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system.
Tokamak	Lev Artsimovich
	Fazlur Khan	Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower.
World Wide Web	Tim Berners-Lee
Visual Basic	Alan Cooper
XML	Jon Bosak

Towns, cities and regions

Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
British Columbia		Fur trader and manager for the North West Company and Hudson's Bay Company, Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and first Governor of the Colony of British Columbia.
Lan Kwai Fong	Allan Zeman	Noted for turning a small square of streets in
Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
	[[Henry Ford">Central, Hong Kong

Transport

Subject	Father/Mother	! Reason
	[[Henry Ford	Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses.
American Interstate Highway System	Dwight D. Eisenhower
	Gene Berg
Hot rod	Ed Winfield
	RJ DeVera	Influential for popularising the import car scene in the mid-1990s.
Kustom Kulture
Monster truck
Mountain bike	Gary Fisher
Rotary engine	Felix Wankel
	Cyrus Avery
Tailfin	Harley Earl
Traffic safety	William Phelps Eno
	Frank W. Cyr

See also

List of inventors

Father of medicare

Founders of statistics

References

Father or mother of something Father or mother of something, List of people known as

ar:آباء العلوم fa:فهرست افراد دارای لقب پدر یا مادر در یک زمینه

Name	Asia Bibi
Birth name	Asia Noreen
Birth date	c. 1971
Resting place coordinates
Nationality	Pakistani
Footnotes	}}

Asia Noreen (Urdu: آسیہ نو رین, better known as Asia (also spelled Aasiya) Bibi, Urdu: آسیہ بی بی, born c. 1971) is a Pakistani Christian woman who was convicted of blasphemy by a Pakistani court, receiving a sentence of death by hanging. The verdict, which would need to be upheld by a superior court, has received worldwide attention. If executed, Noreen would be the first woman in Pakistan to be lawfully killed for blasphemy. Christian minister Shahbaz Bhatti and Pakistani government politician Salmaan Taseer were both killed for opposing the blasphemy laws.

The case

In June 2009, Asia Noreen, a farmhand from the village of Ittan Wali in Sheikhupura District, was asked to fetch water; she complied, but some of her Muslim fellow workers refused to drink the water as they considered Christians to be "unclean". Apparently some arguments ensued. There had already been a running feud between Noreen and a neighbour about some property damage. Later some coworkers complained to a cleric that Noreen made derogatory comments about Prophet Muhammad. A mob came to her house, beating her and members of her family before she was rescued by the police. However, the police initiated an investigation about her remarks, resulting in her arrest and prosecution under Section 295 C of the Pakistan Penal Code. She spent more than a year in jail. In November 2010 Muhammed Naveed Iqbal, a judge at the court of Sheikhupura, Punjab, sentenced her to death by hanging. Additionally, a fine of the equivalent of $1,100 was imposed.

Noreen's husband, Aashiq Fauji Masih, 51 years old, plans to appeal the verdict, which has to be upheld by the Lahore High Court.

As of November 2011, Asia Bibi remains in prison, more than two years after the alleged incident and one year after the death sentence.

International response

Pope Benedict XVI called for clemency for Noreen, and the conviction has also been criticized by human rights groups. According to Human Rights Watch researcher Ali Dyan Hasan, "The law creates this legal infrastructure which is then used in various informal ways to intimidate, coerce, harass and persecute."

Possible presidential pardon

According to the Governor of Punjab who investigated the affair for the President Asif Ali Zardari, Noreen is likely to be pardoned if the High Court does not suspend the sentence. However, the local imam threatened that if she is pardoned or released, some people would "take the law into their own hands". Her family has received threats and has gone into hiding.

Assassinations for comments on Noreen

On January 4, 2011, at Kohsar Market of Islamabad, the Governor of Punjab, Salmaan Taseer, was assassinated by a member of his security team, Malik Mumtaz Hussein Qadri, because of his defence of Noreen and opposition to the blasphemy law. Taseer was outspoken in his criticism of the law and the verdict in the Asia Bibi case. The next day, thousands turned up for governor Salman Taseer's funeral in Lahore in spite of warnings by the Taliban and some clerics. Thousands of Muslims also rallied in support of the blasphemy laws in Pakistan after the murder.

Pakistan's Minority Affairs Minister Shahbaz Bhatti, the only Christian member of Pakistan's cabinet, was also assassinated, on March 2, 2011, reportedly also for his position on blasphemy laws. He was shot dead by gunmen who ambushed his car near his residence in Islamabad. On Sept. 9, 2011 VOM reports the 28-year-old son of murdered Punjab governor Salmaan Taseer was kidnapped Aug. 26. Authorities have no suspects, and no ransom demands had been made by Shahbaz Taseer’s kidnappers.

See also

Human rights in Pakistan

Christianity in Pakistan

Christianity in Punjab, Pakistan

Qamar David

References

External links

Your signature to save Asia Bibi and Pakistan, ''AsiaNews.it''.

Online petition drive launched by The Voice of the Martyrs to call for Asia's release, ''www.CallForMercy.com''

Category:Living people Category:1971 births Category:Pakistani Christians Category:People convicted of blasphemy Category:Pakistani prisoners sentenced to death Category:Islam-related controversies Category:Punjabi people Category:People from Sheikhupura District

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